Giles of Rome, with a notable efforts to synthesize the chief doctrines of Aquinas with the neoplatonic tradition, was a rare exception. This encouraged the (mostly) neoplatonic Franciscans of the late thirteenth century to pursue their attacks on the Dominican order's more enthusiastic reliance upon the offensive use of Aristotle. In 1277 he expanded the number of condemned doctrines to 219, this time including on the list some clearly Thomistic teachings on the nature and individuation of substances and the role of reason in knowledge of god. "radical Aristoteleans," including the unity of intellect, causal necessity, and the eternity of the world. In 1270 Etienne Tempier, the Bishop of Paris (encouraged by Henry of Ghent) issued a formal condemnation of thirteen doctrines held by Philosophical dispute about such matters has theological implications, and the church was not reluctant to express its concern. Intellecta notion that would re-emerge during the modern period in the philosophy of Spinoza). Siger of Brabant explicitly declared that human thought occurs only within the context of a comprehensive, single, unified Ibn Rushd to Christian theology, others were far more daring.īoetius of Dacia, for example, raised serious questions about individual immortality, and Efforts to incorporate elements of Aristotelean metaphysics within the general scheme of Christian thought continued to stir controversy for a long time.Īlthough Aquinas himself showed great caution in applying the ideas of
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